World Gynaecologic Oncology (GO) DAY aims to educate people worldwide about gynaecological cancer. Learn more about cervical cancer, one of the five main types of gynaecological cancer.

GO DAY on September 20th aims to educate people worldwide about prevention, screening, symptoms, early diagnosis and treatment of gynaecological cancers. The Marie Keating Foundation is playing its part in supporting this initiative. Cervical cancer is one of the five main types of gynaecological cancer. Others include ovarian, uterine, vaginal and vulvar.

What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cells of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the womb (uterus), also called the neck of the womb. Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time.¹

What causes cervical cancer?

Most cases (at least nine in 10) are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is very common. At least 80% of people will get an HPV infection. HPV can cause cells in the cervix to become abnormal. These abnormal cells can develop into cervical cancer over time. It usually takes 15 to 20 years for abnormal cells to become cancer, but rarely, it can develop more quickly.

If you have HPV, the following can increase your risk of getting cervical cancer:

• Smoking doubles the likelihood of developing cervical cancer
• Having a weakened immune system
• Being sexually active in your early teens
• If your birth mother took the hormonal drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) while pregnant with you²

Not everyone diagnosed with
cervical cancer will have symptoms.

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

Not everyone diagnosed with cervical cancer will have symptoms. That’s why it’s important to attend regular cervical screening. Symptoms include unusual vaginal bleeding; pain or discomfort during sex; vaginal discharge; pain in the area between the hip bones (pelvis). If you have any symptoms, see your GP. Don’t panic, as symptoms can be caused by conditions other than cancer.³

Ireland’s plan to eliminate cervical cancer

Ireland is on target to eliminate cervical cancer by 2040 as part of a global initiative led by the World Health Organization (WHO).⁴

Cervical cancer is highly preventable and curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers can be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine HPV cervical screening and effective treatment of high-grade abnormal cervical disease. ⁵

1. Cancer Research UK. 2023. Cervical cancer.
2. HSE. 2023. Cervical cancer causes.
3. Cancer Research UK. 2023. Symptoms of cervical cancer.
4. HSE. 2024. HSE launches cervical cancer elimination action plan as latest figures show Ireland is on track to reach historic goal by 2040.
5. National Cancer Institute. 2024. Cervical cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention.

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Period tracking apps are growing in popularity as substitutes for contraception, but they don’t suit everyone. 

Period or cycle tracker apps have become popular as a tool for improving menstrual cycle awareness. By consistently logging the dates of your period, the software can help predict ovulation and identify changes in your cycle.

Limitations of reproductive cycle tracking apps

Cycle tracker apps can also assist with conceiving and avoiding pregnancy. This works well for some women, but as a reproductive healthcare specialist, I am concerned about their promotion by some influencers as a substitute for modern contraceptive methods.

The failure rate is higher than that of any modern contraceptive. If an unintended pregnancy would be a crisis for you, these apps are not a suitable replacement for contraception. Indeed, when I meet people who have relied on period tracker apps, it is often when they need abortion care.

What do I need to know about period trackers?

The efficacy of these apps differs based on your fertility goals and unique circumstances. Everyone’s cycle is different. If yours is irregular or even variable by a few days, ovulation will be harder to predict. This can increase the number of days flagged as ‘fertile’ or ‘unsafe’ throughout the month — sometimes requiring long periods of abstinence if you want to avoid pregnancy.

Prediction accuracy is further reduced if you have recently given birth, are a young teenager, are breastfeeding or are perimenopausal.

With a copper coil, you still get
your period but can be over 99%
sure that you won’t get pregnant.

What are the most effective ways to avoid unintended pregnancy?

Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are the most effective way of avoiding pregnancy. These include hormonal intra-uterine devices — and the copper coil, which is a great non-hormonal option. With a copper coil, you still get your period but can be over 99% sure that you won’t get pregnant. Condoms further minimise the risk of conception and protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

What if I’ve had unprotected sex on a ‘fertile’ or ‘unsafe’ day?

If you didn’t use contraception or if it failed on an ‘unsafe’ day, after-sex emergency contraception can prevent pregnancy for up to five days after intercourse, but they should always be taken as soon as possible for peak efficacy. Under the national free contraception scheme, those aged 17 to 35 can get free emergency contraception from participating pharmacies. If you have an unintended pregnancy, early medical abortion is also an option.

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New research reveals menopause forces thousands of Irish women to step back from careers, as well as quit their jobs, costing businesses vital talent and expertise.

The Menopause Hub’s 2025 Menopause and Perimenopause survey of over 2,500 Irish women reveals a workplace crisis hiding in plain sight.

Menopause is driving talent loss

A staggering 32% of women have stepped back from promotional opportunities due to peri/menopause symptoms, while 29% have reduced their working hours. Perhaps most alarming, 36% have considered giving up work entirely, with 8% actually leaving their positions.

With menopausal women representing the fastest-growing demographic in the workforce, this translates to approximately 286,000 Irish women contemplating leaving or having already left their careers due to menopause-related challenges. The scale of this talent exodus should concern every employer nationally.

Performance under pressure

The workplace impact extends far beyond career decisions. An overwhelming 83% of women report that symptoms affected their work performance, while 43% missed work due to menopause-related health issues. Yet, 77% never disclosed menopause as the reason for their absence to their employer, highlighting the persistent stigma surrounding this natural life transition.

Women’s requests are
clear and achievable.

Building better workplaces

Women’s requests are clear and achievable. They want menopause policies (73%), manager and HR training (75%), accredited workplace programmes (81%) and access to menopause specialists (84%). Currently, 92% receive no menopause-related workplace support, while 51% perceive workplace stigma around menopause.

Beyond the business case, employers also face growing legislative risk, with menopause-related discrimination claims increasingly pursued under age, gender and disability legislation. Crucially, 85% of women are attracted to organisations offering perimenopause and menopause support, demonstrating the powerful recruitment and retention opportunity for forward-thinking employers.

The path forward

Data confirms that workplaces offering customised relief programmes, flexible work arrangements and destigmatising health resources report an 80% boost in staff retention, protecting irreplaceable skill capital. Over 50% of menopausal employees increase their productivity, while organisations gain major reputational lift.

The legislative landscape is rapidly evolving. On 1 July 2025, the UK Government published its Employment Rights Bill roadmap — the biggest transformation of workplace rights in decades. From 2027, UK businesses with over 250 employees must have menopause action plans, with voluntary adoption from April 2026. Similar legislation is expected to reach Ireland, giving forward-thinking organisations a crucial competitive advantage by acting now.

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In Ireland, women with intellectual disabilities (ID) face significant health disparities, particularly in relation to menopause, breast cancer and sexual health.

Sunbeam House Services supports people with intellectual disabilities, promoting their health and wellbeing. Despite national initiatives to improve women’s health, many remain underserved — particularly those with additional or complex needs. As Ireland’s population ages and health needs evolve, it’s vital to highlight both the challenges and opportunities in ensuring inclusive care and upholding the rights of all women.

Providing accessible sexual health education

Sexual health is a vital component of overall wellbeing, yet it is often overlooked for women with intellectual disabilities.

Sunbeam House Services’ ‘Time to Talk’ initiative addresses this gap by providing accessible education and safe spaces for open dialogue. The programme is developed with input from the Viewpoint Committee — an advocacy group of people with ID.

Breast cancer and menopause awareness

While breast cancer remains one of the most common cancers among Irish women, research tells us that women with intellectual disabilities are disproportionately affected by late-stage diagnoses and lower participation in screening programmes.

The ‘Look, Feel, Tell’ campaign provides accessible resources to help women with ID recognise symptoms and seek help.

Stewarts Care and Breast Cancer Ireland have also produced an easy-read guide to the eight signs of breast cancer. Menopausal symptoms are often missed in this group, and low uptake of treatment highlights the need for tailored support.

Improving women’s health for
those with intellectual disabilities
requires more than medical interventions.

A people-centred strategy

While national plans acknowledge the need for inclusive health services, specific measures for women with ID remain limited. Reports such as Breaking Down Barriers, particularly the National Screening Service, identify systemic obstacles in accessing screening services.

Fortunately, the National Sexual Health Strategy 2025–2035 sets out an inclusive vision for sexual health and wellbeing in Ireland. Its focus on equity, accessibility and social inclusion means services must be tailored to people with intellectual disabilities. Aligned with Sunbeam’s Transformation Plan 2025–2030, the strategy promotes diversity, equality, sex positivity and joined-up, people-centred care.

Every woman has a right to appropriate care

Improving women’s health for those with intellectual disabilities requires more than medical interventions; it demands inclusive education, accessible resources and empowered voices.

Programmes like ‘Time to Talk’ and advocacy groups like Viewpoint are vital in shaping a future where every woman — regardless of ability — can access the care and support she deserves. Sunbeam will continue to advocate for women’s rights to appropriate and timely healthcare.

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Many women see periods as a hassle or painful struggle, but they can actually serve as a valuable indicator of overall health, offering insights into wellbeing and hormonal balance.

Your cycle is more than just a countdown to your next period. Like heart rate or blood pressure, your menstrual cycle can reveal hidden imbalances, from nutrient deficiencies to high stress levels. Instead of fighting against it, learning to work with your cycle could be the key to better energy, mood and long-term health.

What your menstrual cycle is telling you

A smooth, predictable cycle without extreme PMS, heavy bleeding or irregular timing is a sign that your body is thriving. If your cycle is painful, unpredictable or missing entirely, your body may be waving a red flag.

• Are your hormones balanced?
  Irregular periods, acne or mood swings can signal thyroid issues, PCOS or excess stress hormones disrupting your natural rhythm.
• Are you getting enough nutrients?
  Heavy periods could mean low iron, while painful cramps often point to a magnesium deficiency or excess inflammatory foods.
• Is your metabolism working efficiently?
  A cycle that’s too short, too long or unpredictable might indicate blood sugar imbalances, which are often linked to insulin resistance.
• Are you under too much stress?
  Chronic stress can shut down ovulation, making cycles irregular or causing skipped periods. High cortisol also affects sleep, digestion and mood stability.

Small, simple changes can make
a huge difference in how you
feel throughout your cycle.

Imbalances affect more than just your period

Menstrual health is closely tied to heart health, as oestrogen plays a critical role in maintaining healthy cholesterol levels and blood vessel function. Likewise, a regular ovulatory cycle is essential for bone density, as oestrogen and progesterone help maintain bone strength. Suppressing symptoms with medication may provide short-term relief, but optimising hormone balance naturally can provide lasting benefits for both menstrual and fertility health and overall wellbeing.

Simple steps to a better period

Many women are told their cycle struggles are just part of being a woman. Yet, the truth is, your body is constantly responding to what you eat and how you live. Small, simple changes can make a huge difference in how you feel throughout your cycle.

• Balance blood sugar to reduce PMS and mood swings: Skipping meals or relying on caffeine and sugar causes insulin spikes that worsen cravings, bloating and fatigue. Instead, aim for protein, fibre and healthy fats in every meal.
• Support your liver to clear excess hormones: Your liver helps process oestrogen, and when it’s sluggish, bloating and period pain increase. Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, kale and cauliflower support detoxification, reducing symptoms like breast tenderness and hormonal acne.
• Eat healthy fats for hormone production: Hormones are built from fats, so a low-fat diet can throw things off balance. Omega-3s from salmon, flaxseeds and walnuts, plus avocado and olive oil, support hormone health.
• Boost magnesium and B vitamins for fewer cramps and more energy: Magnesium, found in leafy greens, nuts and dark chocolate, helps relax muscles and ease cramps. B vitamins from eggs, whole grains and lentils improve mood and brain function.
• Eat with your cycle for less stress and more balance: Each phase of your cycle has different needs. During your period, iron-rich foods like spinach and lentils help replenish lost nutrients. In the luteal phase, protein and healthy carbs can curb cravings and stabilise mood.

By making small, intentional choices, you can turn your menstrual cycle into a sign of thriving health instead of a monthly struggle.

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Ruaidhrí McVey

Gynaecologist Subspecialising in Gynaecological Oncology, Mater and St Vincents Hospital

Experts in the field of gynaecological oncology emphasise the importance of accurate family history, genetic testing and surgical advances in care to improve outcomes.

Experts in gynaecological oncology urge individuals to be proactive in discussing family history with their GP, as early identification of genetic risks can lead to improved outcomes.

Genetics influence gynaecological cancer risk

Dr Hazel O’Sullivan, Medical Oncologist at Cork University Hospital, explains: “Family history is one of the most important factors when assessing the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer. While only about 5% of all cancers are inherited, the proportion is much higher for certain gynaecological cancers at approximately 10–15%.”

Dr O’Sullivan adds: “By identifying gene alterations, we can offer risk-reducing surgery in some cases. For those already diagnosed, genetic profiling of the tumour can determine eligibility for targeted therapies, improving survival rates.

Advances in gynaecological cancer care

The landscape of gynaecological cancer is complex, each of the five distinct types comes with unique diagnostic challenges and treatment approaches. Ruaidhrí McVey, specialising in gynaecological oncology, highlights how the recent evolution of surgical techniques is facilitating treatment precision. “The ability to tailor surgery to the individual patient, balancing the need for radical treatment with preserving quality of life, is one of the biggest advances in recent years,” explains McVey.

“Minimally invasive procedures, such as robotic and laparoscopic surgery, allow for quicker recovery times, reduced complications and improved long-term outcomes for patients with uterine cancer. Many procedures can now be done on a day-case basis,” adds McVey.

Surgeons can now remove localised vulvar tumours while preserving healthy tissue, using special dyes and near-infrared imaging to identify the sentinel lymph node. For more advanced ovarian cancers, extensive surgical interventions combined with contemporary heated intra-abdominal chemotherapy are also improving survival rates.

You are not alone, you will be
listened to, and you will remain
in control of your examination.

Symptom recognition and screening

Awareness is critical, alongside recognition of symptoms such as abnormal bleeding, persistent bloating or swelling, abdominal pain, early satiety and altered bowel habits. “Vulvar pain, bleeding and ulcerations are not normal in post-menopausal women and should always be examined,” explains McVey. “If you have abnormal bleeding or unexplained pelvic symptoms, you should be examined regardless of your smear history — which doesn’t check for ovarian or uterine cancer.”

McVey emphasises: “You are not alone, you will be listened to, and you will remain in control of your examination.”

Resource for gynaecological cancers

The online personalised platform thisisGO.ie is part funded by the Irish Cancer Society Women’s Health Initiative and developed in University College Dublin teaching hospitals. thisisGO.ie is for women, families and health care professionals who have been impacted or work with gynaecological cancer, BRCA or Lynch syndrome. It has 1000’s of resources including articles, videos, clinical trials portal and podcasts. 

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In Ireland, as many as one in six people experience difficulties with fertility, making it a more common challenge than many might realise.

Fertility is a complex and deeply personal journey, influenced by physical health, emotional wellbeing and the unique circumstances of each individual or couple.

Personalised fertility care

At Merrion Fertility Clinic, we understand that the journey to parenthood is different for everyone. That’s why we are committed to providing compassionate, evidence-based care tailored to each person’s needs. Whether you are just beginning to explore fertility options or have been navigating this path for some time, we are here to support you every step of the way.

One of the most well-known fertility treatments is in vitro fertilisation (IVF). While the term is often used as an umbrella for various assisted reproductive technologies, IVF specifically refers to the process in which eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory to allow fertilisation. The first baby conceived through IVF was born in 1978, marking a groundbreaking advancement in reproductive medicine. Since then, over 8 million children have been born worldwide following fertility treatments.

Scientific and medical advancements have
improved fertility treatments over the years.

Fertility treatment options

Scientific and medical advancements have improved fertility treatments over the years. With our wealth of expertise, we provide specialist services including fertility preservation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT), donor gamete services and our male factor multidisciplinary infertility service.

However, not all emerging fertility treatments are equally effective. At Merrion Fertility Clinic, we offer treatments supported by real-world evidence. We continually publish and present high-quality research in this area at an international level in collaboration with Ireland’s major academic institutions. As Ireland’s only not-for-profit fertility clinic, we are not driven by shareholder interests. This gives us the freedom to prioritise what is truly best for our patients, ensuring that every treatment we offer is backed by science and tailored to individual needs.

Comprehensive, supportive expertise

Our commitment to patient care extends beyond fertility treatments. Through our link with the National Maternity Hospital, we can provide additional interventions, such as reproductive surgery when necessary. This connection allows us to offer a continuity of care, ensuring that patients receive comprehensive support throughout their fertility journey.

Fertility challenges can feel isolating, but you are not alone. Support, guidance and medical expertise are available to help you navigate this path. At Merrion Fertility Clinic, we are dedicated to helping you make informed decisions and providing the highest standard of care on your journey to parenthood.

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Freezing your eggs can preserve your fertility, according to a leading fertility consultant, explaining the step-by-step process for egg retrieval.

Egg freezing, or oocyte cryopreservation, is a reproductive technology that allows women to preserve their fertility by extracting and freezing eggs. This process offers women the option of delaying parenthood, often due to their career, personal circumstances or medical conditions such as endometriosis or cancer. It is also becoming a viable option for LGBTQIA+ individuals looking to start a family. Dr Zaib Awan, Fertility Consultant, explains: “Egg freezing empowers women by giving them control of their reproductive future.”

When is the best time to freeze your eggs?

“Age plays a big role in fertility. The best time to freeze your eggs is mid-20s to mid-30s when egg quality and quantity is at its peak.” Dr Awan says. “Lifestyle choices are extremely important. Prioritising a healthy lifestyle, good nutrition and supplementation can enhance fertility outcomes.”

Egg freezing empowers women
by giving them control of
their reproductive future.

The step-by-step process

1. Initial consultation: A detailed medical and fertility assessment, including blood tests and an ultrasound to evaluate ovarian reserve.
2. Ovarian stimulation: Hormone injections for 10–12 days to stimulate egg production, with monitoring via blood tests and ultrasounds.
3. Egg retrieval: A minor procedure under conscious sedation, which may cause mild discomfort, using ultrasound guidance to collect eggs from the ovaries.
4. Freezing and storage: Mature eggs are frozen and stored for future use. The legal storage limit is 10 years, extendable up to the age of 51.

“The patient will be fully informed throughout the whole process, with combined care from both the medical team and nursing staff,” assures Dr Awan.

Is egg freezing right for you?

“Egg freezing does not guarantee pregnancy, and success rates vary depending on age and number of eggs retrieved.” Dr Awan advises. “Think of it as a backup plan, a proactive step that can provide peace of mind for women.” While costs vary by clinic, they typically range from €3,000 to €4,000, and financial aid options such as the drug payment scheme can help manage payments. “This empowering reproductive technology is allowing women to take control of their fertility,” she adds.

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Have you ever heard of endometriosis? Perhaps you experience it or know someone who does. Around 10% of women worldwide have endometriosis; that’s 176 million individuals.

Endometriosis can start from the first menstrual period and last until menopause, with some still experiencing issues post-menopause. With endometriosis, tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. This leads to inflammation and scar tissue forming in the pelvic region and, sometimes, elsewhere in the body. 

Endometriosis and oestrogen imbalance

Endometriosis is oestrogen-dependent; while oestrogen is important, like anything, too much isn’t a good thing. Our hormones work together like a finely tuned orchestra, particularly oestrogen and progesterone. In addition to a list of things oestrogen does, it plays a very important role in the lining of our uterus.

Oestrogen builds up in the first half of our cycle (follicular phase) and then we ovulate. Ovulation is a very important part of this orchestra, and upon ovulation, we make an important hormone called progesterone.

Higher levels of oestrogen and lower levels of progesterone

Progesterone helps maintain a thin uterine lining, and when its levels drop before a period, the shedding process begins: our menstrual cycle. In an ideal world, every woman would experience a textbook period. Unfortunately, for those with endometriosis, hormonal imbalances come into play. Higher levels of oestrogen and lower levels of progesterone can contribute to more painful and irregular cycles, making menstruation far from straightforward.

For those with endometriosis,
hormonal imbalances come into play.

When does endometriosis occur?

Hormonal changes can begin as early as our 30s, and one of the first hormones to decline is progesterone. As progesterone levels drop, oestrogen remains unchecked, often leading to an imbalance that can contribute to various symptoms. For some, endometriosis is diagnosed for the first time during perimenopause while others have been managing its effects since adolescence. If you’re experiencing symptoms, speak with your doctor — there are solutions available to help you manage your health effectively.

Lifestyle changes to help manage endometriosis

In addition to medical interventions, there are management steps women can take. A low-inflammatory diet can be very helpful. The last thing women need is more inflammation in an already inflamed system. Reduce or abstain from alcohol and look out for sugars, including hidden sugars. Although physical activity may not be welcome when you have endometriosis, it can help as well. A change in diet and lifestyle, alongside medical intervention, can work wonders for some people with this condition.

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Social media enhances communication and connection but may pose potential risks to women’s health. Thankfully, strategies exist to promote safer usage and a healthier social media environment.

Constant exposure to curated images of beauty and success can negatively affect self-esteem. Women are often subjected to unrealistic standards, as many images and posts can be photoshopped, edited or enhanced, setting unattainable expectations. This can foster feelings of inadequacy, especially among young women and contribute to body confidence and self-image issues.

For this reason, it’s important for women of all ages to avoid comparing themselves to images that they see on social media. Instead, focus on your own health goals, which can include incorporating a healthy, balanced diet and exercise into your daily regime. 

Being aware of misinformation

According to the most recent CSO Household Consumer Behaviour Report, over two-thirds (68%) of internet users are now going online seeking health-related information. While search engines can be a major source, social media misinformation and unqualified influencers can also have a negative impact on women’s health by promoting unverified or harmful health advice.

For instance, celebrities and influencers – often with large followings – may advertise weight loss products, unregulated supplements or fad diets or provide health advice without scientific backing.

Constant exposure to curated
images of beauty and success
can negatively affect self-esteem.

Safe social media usage

To encourage healthier digital habits and foster a more supportive online environment for women, it is important to set boundaries around social media use. This may involve limiting our time spent on these platforms and unfollowing accounts that promote unrealistic beauty standards.

We can also become more conscious of the curated nature of social media and avoid self-comparison. Most importantly, when it comes to health-related issues and for your safety, it is essential to only seek advice from qualified health professionals.

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